Ergonomics aims at preventing injuries by controlling

the risk factors such as force, repetition, posture and

vibration that can cause injuries to develop. Some

fundamental ergonomic principals that should be followed

in our workplaces are:

1. Use proper tools

Tools should be appropriate for the specific tasks being

performed. Your tools should allow you to keep your

hands and wrists straight – the position they would be in

if they were hanging relaxed at your side. Bend the tool –

not the wrist!

The tool should fit comfortably into your hand. If the

grip size is too large or too small it will be uncomfortable

and will increase the risk of injury. Tools should not have

sharp edges, create contact stresses in your hand, or

vibrate.

2. Keep repetitive motions to a minimum

Our workstations or tasks can often be redesigned to

reduce the number of repetitive motions that must be

performed. Using a power-driven screwdriver or tools

with a ratchet device can reduce the number of twisting

motions with the arm. Some tasks can be automated or

redesigned to eliminate repetitive movements and

musculoskeletal injuries.

3. Avoid awkward postures

Your job should not require you to work with your hands

above shoulder height on a regular basis. Arms should be

kept low and close to your body. Bending and twisting of

your wrists, back and neck should also be avoided.

4. Use safe lifting procedures

Avoid lifting objects that are too heavy. Use more than

one person or a mechanical device to reduce the load.

Your workstation should not require you to lift objects

above your head or twist your back while lifting. Keep the

load close to your body and ensure that you have a good

grip. Heavy and frequently lifted objects should be stored

between knee and shoulder height – not on the ground

or above your head.

5. Get proper rest

You need to rest your body and mind in order to prevent

injuries. Give your muscles a rest during your coffee

breaks, lunches and weekends by doing something

different from what you do in your job. For example, if

you stand all day while performing your job you should

sit down to rest your legs and feet during your breaks. If

you sit down when working you should stand up and

walk around during your breaks to give your back a rest

and to increase circulation in your legs.

Extract from: Ergonomic Handbook for the Clothing Industry

Published by the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, the Institute for Work &
Health, and the Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers, Inc. (2001)

What is ergonomics?

Ergonomics can be defined simply as the study of work. More specifically, ergonomics is the science of designing the job to fit the worker, rather than physically forcing the worker’s body to fit the job. Adapting tasks, work stations, tools, and equipment to fit the worker can help reduce physical stress on a worker’s body and eliminate many potentially serious, disabling workrelated musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ergonomics draws on a number of
scientific disciplines, including physiology, biomechanics, psychology, anthropometry, industrial hygiene, and kinesiology.

Why is ergonomics important?

Industries increasingly require higher production rates and advances in technology to remain competitive and stay in business. As a result, jobs today can involve:

· Frequent lifting, carrying, and pushing or pulling loads without help from other workers or devices;

· Increasing specialization that requires the worker to perform only one function or movement for a long period of time or day after day;

· Working more than 8 hours a day;

· Working at a quicker pace of work, such as faster assembly line speeds; and

· Having tighter grips when using tools.

These factors—especially if coupled with poor machine design, tool, and workplace design or the use of improper tools—create physical stress on workers’ bodies, which can lead to injury. A dramatic increase in MSDs began in the 1970s when these disorders increasingly appeared on companies’ injury and illness logs. OSHA cited companies for hazardous workplace conditions that caused problems such as tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and back injuries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, an agency

of the U.S. Department of Labor, recognizes MSDs as a serious workplace health hazard. These injuries now account for more than onethird of all lost—workday case.

If work tasks and equipment do not include ergonomic principles in their design, workers may have exposure to undue physical stress, strain, and overexertion, including vibration, awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting. Recognizing ergonomic risk factors in the workplace is an essential first step in correcting hazards and improving worker protection. Ergonomists, industrial engineers, occupational safety and health professionals, and other trained individuals believe that reducing physical stress in the workplace could eliminate up to half of the serious injuries each year. Employers can learn to anticipate what might go wrong and alter tools and the work environment to make tasks safer for theirworkers.

1. Alberta Human Resources and Employment
Workplace Health and Safety Publications:
http://www3.gov.ab.ca/hre/whs/publications/bulletins.asp

Included in this list are bulletins and fact sheets about back care/lifting, ergonomics, physical hazards, and safe working methods.
2. Association of Canadian Ergonomists (ACE)
Main Page: http://www.ace.ergonomist.ca/
ACE is an association of persons who have human factors/ergonomics interests
(including research workers, practitioners, clients and the general public).
Information related to certification, events, consultant directory, and membership.

3. CCOHS
Ergonomics: OSH Answers
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/
In this section of OSH Answers, a general description of ergonomics is provided.
Links to other ergonomics or human factors-related topics (e.g., anti-fatigue
mats, back injury prevention, manual materials handling, office ergonomics, etc.)
are also accessible from this page.

4. Cornell University
CUErgo: Cornell University Ergo Web
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/
“CUErgo presents information from ergonomics research studies and class work
by students and faculty in the Cornell Human Factors and Ergonomics Research
Group.”

5. CSAO
Products: Back Care (various)
http://www.csao.org/t.tools/t5.products/Home.cfm
From the “Products” section, you can use the drop down menu to view items that
address the issue of back care, including guides on manual materials handling,
safe working methods, and back care videos.
Information Services: Ergonomics
http://www.csao.org/t.tools/t10.informationservices/index.cfm
“[The] CSAO works with labour-management committees and other stakeholders
to research construction-related health and safety issues.” There are a few
categories that are documented on the site, including ergonomics (e.g., back
care, back pain in construction, health risks for heavy equipment operators,
musculoskeletal disorders, etc.).

6. Ergoweb
http://www.ergoweb.com/
“Ergoweb provides ergonomic solutions to companies and individuals looking to
increase productivity and quality while decreasing worker overuse injuries.
Ergonomics increases human performance by fitting products, tasks and
environments to people.”
7. IAPA
o Manual Materials Handling
http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/manmat.pdf
This information sheet discusses the various elements of manual materials
handling, including legislation, hazards, control measures, general precautions,
maintenance, and training.

8. IRSST (Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail)
o Publications: Musculoskeletal Disorders
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/en/_publicationirssts_par_champ_10.html
Most of these reports are issued in French, and are sorted by year. Topics
include general ergonomic principles, carpal tunnel syndrome, manual handling,
back pain, and industry-specific concerns (e.g., vehicle cab design).
9. IWH
o Fact Sheets:
§ Work-related musculoskeletal disorders:
http://www.iwh.on.ca/media/wmsd.php
§ Low back pain:
§ http://www.iwh.on.ca/media/lowbackpain.php
o Working Papers:
http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/wp.php
o Occasional papers:
http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/occ_pap.php
o Other publications
http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/other_pap.php
o Publications:
http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/cur_news.php
o Tool Kit: http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/toolkit.php
§ Participative Ergonomic Blueprint:
http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/blueprint.php
§ The DASH: http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/dash.php
§ Work-Ready: Return-to-work approaches for people with softtissue
injuries http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/wrk_rdy.php
§ The Back Guide: http://www.iwh.on.ca/products/bck_gde.php
Working papers include those reports or studies that are not yet peer-reviewed in
a published journal; research not intended for publication may be reported in the
form of an occasional paper. The tool kit includes some practical tools “which
may be used in a variety of settings, from clinical practice to the workplace.”

10. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Australia)
o Ergonomics for the Control of Sprains and Strains in Mining
http://www.nohsc.gov.au/PDF/Standards/ErgonomicsSprainsStrainsMinin
g.pdf
“This handbook is for use by occupational health and safety personnel and
others who have responsibility for the prevention of accidents and injuries in
mining. The aim is to assist these users in the identification and management of
risks associated with manual handling and rough rides in mines.”
11. National Safety Council
o Ergonomics
http://www.nsc.org/issues/ergotop.htm
This page contains archived articles, in addition to links and other resources
pertaining to ergonomics.
12. NIOSH
o Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/
This section of the NIOSH site provides links to ergonomics programs, research,
risk factors, and specific issues related to ergonomic/human factors (e.g., back
belts, vibration, VDTs, etc.).
o Ergonomics in Mining
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/ergonomics/
This topic page focuses on ergonomics issues in the mining industry,
including design recommendations for mining machinery and related safety
topics.

13. Nova Scotia Environment and Labour
o About Ergonomics:
http://www.gov.ns.ca/enla/ohs/ergonom/index.htm
o Ergonomics Glossary:
http://www.gov.ns.ca/enla/ohs/ergonom/ergoglos.htm
o Publications: Ergonomics
http://www.gov.ns.ca/enla/ohs/ergonom/ergopubs.htm
“This site provides ergonomics information and resources to workplaces across
[Nova Scotia].”

14. OHCOW (Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers)
o General Handouts: http://www.ohcow.on.ca/resources/handouts.html
Among these include: ergonomics and driving, hand-arm vibration syndrome,
physical demands analysis, whole-body vibration, work-related musculoskeletal
disorders, and working on your feet. Literature is intended for a general
audience.
o Snook Tables: http://www.ohcow.on.ca/resources/info_sheets.html
The snook tables provided from this page include those referring to the maximum
weight of lift, forces of push, forces of pull, and weight of carry.
o Workbooks: http://www.ohcow.on.ca/resources/workbooks.html
There are currently four workbooks available from this page, including a Physical
Demands Workbook , and Office Ergonomics Handbook .
o NIOSH Lifting Equation Software:
http://www.ohcow.on.ca/resources/software_prog.html

15. OSHA
o Ergonomics: Strategy for Success
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/index.html
Guidelines, regulations, outreach services, job analysis tools, examples of
contributing conditions, and solutions pertaining to ergonomics are offered
through this portion of the OSHA.

16. Workers’ Compensation Board of Alberta
o Remembering the Basics Booklet
http://www.wcb.ab.ca/workingsafely/ergobook.asp
This booklet is “designed to alert you to the potential for an RSI and assist you in
preventing one from occurring.”

17. Workers’ Compensation Board of BC
o Ergonomics: http://ergonomics.healthandsafetycentre.org/s/Home.asp
Guides for identifying and preventing MSIs, as well as back pain, are available.

18. WSIB of Ontario
o Making Ergonomics Work:
http://www.wsib.on.ca/wsib/wsibsite.nsf/LookupFiles/DownloadableFileEr
gonomics/$File/ergonomics.pdf
This 6-page brochure outlines the role of the ergonomist, and what he/she can
do to minimize risk in the workplace. A series of frequently-asked questions
(FAQs) are provided at the end of the end of the document.
o Return to Work Bibliography:
http://www.wsib.on.ca/wsib/wsibsite.nsf/Public/RTWBibliography
This resource provides useful information about return-to work. The bibliogr

Kelelahan Kerja

oleh:noor fitrihana

Definisi kelelahan :

• Levy (1990) mengutarakan bahwa kelelahan kerja masih merupakan misteri dunia kedokteran modern, penuh kekaburan dalam sebab musababnya serta pencegahannyapun belum terungkap secara jelas.
• Rizeddin (2000): kelelahan menurunkan kapasitas kerja dan ketahanan kerja yang ditandai oleh sensasi lelah, motivasi menurun, aktivitas menurun.
• Keadaan yang ditandai oleh adanya perasaan kelelahan kerja dan penurunan kesiagaan.
• Keadaan pada saraf sentral sistimik akibat aktivitas yang berkepanjangan dan secara fundamental dikontrol oleh sistim aktivasi dan sistim ihibisi batang otak.
• Merupakan fanomena komples yang disebabkan oleh faktor biologi pada proses kerja dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal.
• Merupakan kriteria lengkap tidak hanya menyangkut kelelahan fisik dan psikis tetapi lebih banyak kaitannya dengan adanya penurunan kinerja fisik, adanya perasaan lelah, penurunan motivasi, dan penurunan produktivitas kerja.
• Adalah respon total terhadap stres psikososial yang dialami dalam satu periode waktu tertentu dan cenderung menurunkan motivasi dan prestasi kerja.

Jenis Kelelahan :

• Proses terjadinya pada otot : kelelahan umum dan otot
• Waktu terjadinya: akut dan kronis
• Penyebabnya : factor-faktor nonfisik (psikososial) dan lingkungan fisik

Faktor penyebab kelelahan kerja berkaitan dengan banyak hal yaitu :

• Penyebab medis : flu, anemia, gangguan tidur, hypothyroidism, hepatitis, TBC, dan penyakit kronis lainnya.
• Penyebab yang berkaitan dengan gaya hidup : kurang tidur, terlalu banyak tidur, alkohol dan miras, diet yang buruk, kurangnya olahraga, gizi, daya tahan tubuh, circadian rhythm.
• Penyebab yang berkaitan dengan tempat kerja : kerja shift, pelatihan tempat kerja yang buruk, stress di tempat kerja, pengangguran, workaholics, suhu ruang kerja, penyinaran, kebisingan, monotoni pekerjaan dan kebosanan, beban kerja.
• Faktor psikologis : depresi, kecemasan dan stress, kesedihan.

Gejala Kelelahan Kerja

Gilmer(1966) dan Cameron (1973) :

1. Menurun kesiagaan dan perhatian,
2. Penurunan dan hambatan persepsi,
3. Cara berpikir atau perbuatan anti sosial,
4. Tidak cocok dengan lingkungan.
5. Depresi, kurang tenaga, dan kehilangan inisiatif,
6. Gejala umum (sakit kepala, vertigo, gangguan fungsi paru dan jantung, kehilangan nafsu makan, gangguan pencemaan, kecemasan, pembahan tingkah laku, kegelisahan, dan kesukaran tidur

Akibat Kelelahan Kerja

Prestasi kerja yang menurun,

Fungsi fisiologis motorik dan neural yang menurun,

Badan terasa tidak enak,

Semangat kerja yang menurun (Bartley dan Chute, 1982)

Pengukuran Kelelahan Kerja :

Waktu reaksi,

Uji ketukjari (fingger-tapping test),

Uji flicker fusion.

Critical flicker fusion,

Uji Bourdon WiersmaSkala kelelahan IFRC (Industrial Fatique Rating Committe),

Skala fatique rating (FR Scale),

Ekskresi katekolamin,

Stroop test,

Kuesioner Alat Ukur Perasaan Kelelahan Kerja (KAUPK2)

Indikator pengukuran kelelahan kerja : waktu reaksi dan rasa lelah

PENANGGULANGAN KELELAHAN KERJA

1. Lingkungan kerja bebas dari zat berbahaya, penerangan memadai, sesuai dengan jenis pekerjaan yang dihadapi, maupun pengaturan udara yang adekuat, bebas dari kebisingan, getaran, serta ketidaknyamanan.
2. Waktu kerja diselingi istirahat pendek dan istirahat untuk makan.
3. Kesehatan umum dijaga dan dimonitor.
4. Pemberian gizi kerja yang memadai sesuai dengan jenis pekerjaan dan beban kerja.
5. Beban kerja berat tidak berlangsung terlalu lama.
6. Tempat tinggal diusahakan sedekat mungkin dengan tempat kerja, kalau perlu bagi tenaga kerja dengan tempat tinggal jauh diusahakan transportasi dari perusahaan.
7. Pembinaan mental secara teratur dan berkala dalam rangka stabilitas kerja dan kehidupannya.
8. Disediakaan fasilitas rekreasi, waktu rekreasi dan istirahat diolaksankan secara baik.
9. Cuti dan liburan diselenggarakan sebaik-baiknya.
10. Diberikan perhatian khusus pada kelompok tertentu seperti tenaga kerja beda usia, wanita hamil dan menyusui, tenaga kerja dengan kerja gilir di malam hari, tenaga baru pindahan .
11. Mengusahakan tenaga kerja bebas alkohol, narkoba dan obat berbahaya.